用户设置

首次使用 Git 时需要设置用户名和邮箱地址

shell
git config --global user.name "your name"
git config --global user.email "example@email.com"

针对个别项目不想使用全局设置可以单独设置用户名和邮箱

shell
git config user.name "another name"
git config user.email "another@email.com"

查看配置

用户的 Git 配置文件存在 ~/gitconfig 目录，可以使用编辑器打开手动修改

查看配置可以直接打开配置文件，也可以使用命令 git config --list

默认编辑器

Git 默认编辑器是 Vim，通过 git config --global core.editor emacs 可以将默认编辑器改为 emacs。如果要将默认编辑器改为 Vscode，首先需要确认 code 命令可用，然后执行 git config --global core.editor "code --wait"

Fast-forward

shell
git config --global --add merge.ff false

意思是使用 git merge 时不要使用 fast-forward（快进）模式

shell
git config --global --add pull.ff only

意思是在 git pull 时仅支持 fast-forward 模式

fast-forward 的合并使追踪分支的历史记录变得更困难。因此在合并时应该避免使用 fast-forward 合并 但是，在大多数情况下，fast-forward 拉取并不会让情况变得复杂。所以推荐设置在拉取的时候仅使用 fast-forward

显示行号

在使用 git grep 时显示代码的行号

shell
git config --global grep.lineNumber true

显示空白字符变更

shell
git config diff.wsErrorHighlight all

全局 gitignore

shell
git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore_global

可以让 ~/.gitignore_global 中设置的忽略策略全局生效

别名

通过 alias 可以设置命令别名，比如下面的代码

shell
git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.st status

设置好之后执行 git co 就相当于与执行 git checkout。

shell
$ git config --global alias.l "log --oneline --graph"
$ git config --global alias.ls 'log --graph --pretty=format:"%h <%an> %ar %s"'
\$ git ls

* f5c469b <rainbowatcher> 4 days ago fix: 重新添加README文件 && 修改sidebar显示层数
* 0678f0f <rainbowatcher> 4 days ago feat: 优化目录结构，增加测试案例，自动生成sidebar
* 4d0f7b3 <rainbowatcher> 3 weeks ago rename
* fa8c1a7 <rainbowatcher> 3 weeks ago feat: disable github action

这些 alias 也可以在 ~/.gitconfig 里修改

~/.gitconfig
[user]
        name = your_name
        email = email_address@orgnization.com
[core]
        autocrlf = input
        quotepath = false
        excludesfile = /Users/username/.gitignore_global
        editor = code --wait
[init]
        defaultBranch = main
[filter "lfs"]
        clean = git-lfs clean -- %f
        smudge = git-lfs smudge -- %f
        process = git-lfs filter-process
        required = true
[pull]
        ff = only
[includeIf "gitdir:~/WorkSpace/"]
        path = ~/.config/git/.gitconfig_company
[http]
        proxy = http://127.0.0.1:8889
[https]
        proxy = https://127.0.0.1:8889

条件配置

Git 提供 includeIf 选项来指定条件配置，在切换多个项目工作的情况下非常有用

~/.gitconfig
...you global config...
[includeIf "gitdir:~/WorkSpace/"]
        path = ~/.config/git/.gitconfig_company

~/.gitconfig 中的配置为全局配置，当条件符合 includeIf 选项中的判断条件时将 path 对应的配置文件加载到项目配置

  • gitdir: Git 项目路径规则
  • gitdir/i: 与 gitdir 相似，只是不区分大小写
  • onbranch: 在指定分支下应用的规则
  • hasconfig:remote.*.url:: 关键字为hasconfig，意为包含某些配置时应用规则

示例配置：

~/.gitconfig
# Core variables
[core]
    ; Don't trust file modes
    filemode = false

# Our diff algorithm
[diff]
    external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper
    renames = true

[branch "devel"]
    remote = origin
    merge = refs/heads/devel

# Proxy settings
[core]
    gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org"
    gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest

[include]
    path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path
    path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file
    path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory

; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git
[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"]
    path = /path/to/foo.inc

; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group
[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"]
    path = /path/to/foo.inc

; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group
[includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"]
    path = /path/to/foo.inc

; relative paths are always relative to the including
; file (if the condition is true); their location is not
; affected by the condition
[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"]
    path = foo.inc

; include only if we are in a worktree where foo-branch is
; currently checked out
[includeIf "onbranch:foo-branch"]
    path = foo.inc

; include only if a remote with the given URL exists (note
; that such a URL may be provided later in a file or in a
; file read after this file is read, as seen in this example)
[includeIf "hasconfig:remote.*.url:https://example.com/**"]
    path = foo.inc
[remote "origin"]
    url = https://example.com/git

更多配置方式参考官方配置文档

我的配置

Git 提供的 alias 很好，但是我更喜欢 shell 自带的 alias

shell
alias gst='git status'
alias gl='git log --oneline --cherry'
alias gll='git log --graph --cherry --pretty=format:"%h <%an> %ar %s"'
alias gp='git push'
alias gpl='git pull'
alias gcf='git config -l'
alias gaa='git add .'
alias gcf='git config --list'
alias gba='git branch -a'
alias gbd='git branch --delete'
alias gbrn='git branch -m'
alias gho='git hash-object'
alias gcat='git cat-file'

参考